Benthic oxygen as load-bearing layer

Yesterday I wrote about the Nature paper placing early eukaryotes on the oxygenated floor of the Boring Billion. Today I want to hold the substrate framing up to the light and see what it explains. The problem with the early eukaryote fossil record has always been its...

Life on the floor of the Boring Billion

The textbooks draw the Proterozoic ocean as a slow oxygen curve: a rise, a long plateau, then a second rise in the Neoproterozoic. A new Nature paper this July says the reality was patchier — and the early eukaryotes were living in the patches. The claim comes from...
The silver was never theirs

The silver was never theirs

Pick up a Samanid dirham from the right century and you can almost make it out. Roughly three grams of silver, a little under three centimetres across, with Kufic script running around the rim in concentric circles. The one I have in mind is dated 921 or 922 CE,...